Phenol (C6H5OH) ndi kristalo wopanda mtundu wooneka ngati singano wokhala ndi fungo lapadera. Imagwira ntchito ngati chinthu chofunikira popanga ma resin ena, mabakiteriya, zosungira, ndi mankhwala (monga aspirin). Ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiza zida zochitira opaleshoni, kuchiza ndowe, kuyeretsa khungu, kuchepetsa kuyabwa, komanso kuchiza matenda a otitis media. Phenol ili ndi malo osungunuka a 43°C ndipo imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi kutentha kwa chipinda koma imasungunuka mosavuta mu zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Kutentha kukapitirira 65°C, imasakanikirana ndi madzi molingana ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito. Phenol imawononga ndipo imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni am'deralo ikakhudzana. Mayankho a phenol omwe amakhudza khungu amatha kutsukidwa ndi mowa. Gawo laling'ono la phenol lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi mpweya limasungunuka kukhala quinone, n’kusanduka pinki. Limasanduka lofiirira likakumana ndi ma ferric ions, chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa phenol.
Mbiri Yopezedwa
Phenol inapezeka mu phula la malasha mu 1834 ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Germany Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, motero imadziwikanso kuti carbolic acid. Phenol idadziwika koyamba chifukwa cha dokotala wotchuka waku Britain Joseph Lister. Lister adawona kuti imfa zambiri pambuyo pa opaleshoni zimachokera ku matenda a mabala ndi kupanga mafinya. Mwangozi, adagwiritsa ntchito yankho la phenol losungunuka kupopera zida zochitira opaleshoni ndi manja ake, zomwe zidachepetsa kwambiri matenda a odwala. Kupeza kumeneku kunakhazikitsa phenol ngati mankhwala amphamvu ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zidapangitsa Lister kutchedwa "Bambo wa Opaleshoni Yoletsa Kupha Mabakiteriya."
Katundu wa Mankhwala
Phenol imatha kuyamwa chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikusungunuka. Ili ndi fungo losiyana, ndipo madzi osungunuka kwambiri amakoma bwino. Imawononga kwambiri komanso imagwira ntchito ndi mankhwala. Imayanjana ndi aldehydes ndi ketones kuti ipange phenolic resins ndi bisphenol A, komanso ndi acetic anhydride kapena salicylic acid kuti ipange phenyl acetate ndi salicylate esters. Imathanso kupangidwa ndi halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation, alkylation, carboxylation, esterification, ndi etherification.
Pa kutentha kwabwinobwino, phenol imakhala yolimba ndipo sichitapo kanthu mwachangu ndi sodium. Ngati phenol yatenthedwa kuti isungunuke musanawonjezere sodium pakuyesera, imachepa mosavuta, ndipo mtundu wake umasintha ikatenthedwa, zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za kuyesa. Pophunzitsa, njira ina yagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipeze zotsatira zoyeserera zokhutiritsa mosavuta komanso moyenera. Mu chubu choyesera, 2–3 mL ya ether ya anhydrous imawonjezedwa, kutsatiridwa ndi chidutswa cha sodium chachitsulo chofanana ndi nandolo. Pambuyo pochotsa palafini pamwamba ndi pepala losefera, sodium imayikidwa mu ether, komwe sichitapo kanthu. Kuwonjezera phenol pang'ono ndikugwedeza chubucho kumalola sodium kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, ndikupanga mpweya wambiri. Mfundo ya kuyesera kumeneku ndi yakuti phenol imasungunuka mu ether, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti igwirizane ndi sodium.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-20-2026