Chidule cha Zoopsa
Zoopsa pa Thanzi: Zimakwiyitsa khungu ndi nembanemba ya mucous ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa ululu pa dongosolo la mitsempha.
Poizoni Waukulu: Kupuma mpweya wambiri wa mankhwalawa pakapita nthawi yochepa kungayambitse zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kuyabwa m'maso ndi m'mapapo, kutsekeka kwa conjunctival ndi pakhosi, chizungulire, mutu, nseru, kusanza, kulimba pachifuwa, kufooka kwa miyendo, kuyenda mozunguzika, ndi chisokonezo. Milandu yoopsa ikhoza kukhala ndi kusokonezeka, kugwedezeka, ndi chikomokere.
Poizoni Wosatha: Kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali kungayambitse matenda a neurasthenic syndrome, kukula kwa chiwindi, komanso kusakhazikika kwa msambo mwa akazi ogwira ntchito. Zingayambitsenso khungu louma, ming'alu, komanso dermatitis.
Zoopsa Zachilengedwe: Zimayambitsa ngozi yaikulu ku chilengedwe ndipo zimatha kuipitsa mpweya, madzi, ndi magwero a madzi.
Kuyaka ndi Kuopsa kwa Kuphulika: Mankhwalawa ndi oyaka komanso okwiyitsa.
Kuopsa: Kumagawidwa ngati kuopsa kochepa.
Kuopsa Kwambiri: LD50 5000mg/kg (mkamwa mwa makoswe); LC50 12124mg/kg (khungu mwa akalulu); kupumira kwa munthu kwa 71.4 g/m³ kumapha pakapita nthawi yochepa; kupumira kwa munthu kwa 3 g/m³ kwa maola 1-8 kumayambitsa poizoni wakupha; kupumira kwa munthu kwa 0.2–0.3 g/m³ kwa maola 8 kumabweretsa zizindikiro za poizoni.
Kukwiya:
Kuwonekera kwa maso a anthu: 300ppm kumayambitsa kukwiya.
Kukhudzidwa ndi khungu la kalulu: 500mg kumayambitsa kuyabwa pang'ono.
Subacute ndi Poizoni Wosatha: Makoswe ndi nkhumba za Guinea zomwe zimapumira 390 mg/m³ kwa maola 8/tsiku kwa masiku 90-127 zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa dongosolo la hematopoietic ndi ziwalo za parenchymal.
Kusasinthika kwa maselo: Kuyesa kwa micronucleus: Kupereka 200 mg/kg pakamwa mwa mbewa. Kusanthula kwa cytogenetic: makoswe omwe amapumira 5400 μg/m³ kwa masabata 16 (nthawi zina).
Kuopsa Kobereka: Makoswe omwe adakumana ndi poizoni wochepa kwambiri (TCL0) wa 1.5 g/m³ kwa maola 24 (masiku 1-18 a mimba) adawonetsa poizoni wochepa kwambiri wa m'mimba komanso kukula kwa minofu. Makoswe omwe adakumana ndi poizoni wochepa kwambiri (TCL0) wa 500 mg/m³ kwa maola 24 (masiku 6-13 a mimba) adawonetsa poizoni wochepa kwambiri wa m'mimba.
Kagayidwe kachakudya ndi Kuwonongeka: Toluene yomwe imalowa m'thupi imalowetsedwa mu 80% kukhala benzyl alcohol pamaso pa NADP, kenako ku benzaldehyde pamaso pa NAD, kenako imalowetsedwanso mu benzoic acid. Kenako imasakanikirana ndi glycine pamaso pa coenzyme A ndi adenosine triphosphate kuti ipange hippuric acid. Chifukwa chake, 16%–20% ya toluene yomwe imalowa m'thupi la munthu imatuluka mosasinthika kudzera munjira yopumira, pomwe 80% imatulutsidwa ndi impso mu mawonekedwe a hippuric acid. Pambuyo polowa mu toluene, hippuric acid mumkodzo imawonjezeka mwachangu mkati mwa maola awiri, kenako imakwera pang'onopang'ono ndikubwerera pamlingo wabwinobwino maola 16-24 pambuyo poti ilowe mumkodzo yatha. Gawo laling'ono la benzoic acid limasakanikirana ndi glucuronic acid kuti apange zinthu zopanda poizoni. Zochepera 1% ya toluene imasinthidwa kukhala o-cresol. Mu chilengedwe, toluene imasungunuka kukhala benzoic acid kapena imawola mwachindunji mu carbon dioxide ndi madzi pansi pa mikhalidwe yamphamvu ya okosijeni kapena pamaso pa zinthu zoyambitsa poizoni ikakumana ndi mpweya.
Zotsalira ndi Kusonkhanitsa: Pafupifupi 80% ya toluene imatulutsidwa mu mkodzo wa anthu ndi akalulu ngati hippuric acid, pomwe yotsalayo imatulutsidwa. Olemba awa adanenanso kuti 0.4%–1.1% ya toluene imatulutsidwa ngati o-cresol. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti metabolite yayikulu, hippuric acid, imatulutsidwa mwachangu mu mkodzo. Pansi pa zochitika zachizolowezi pantchito, hippuric acid imachotsedwa pafupifupi kwathunthu mkati mwa maola 24 pambuyo poti itulutsidwe. Komabe, chifukwa cha mobwerezabwereza maola 8 patsiku kutsatiridwa ndi maola 16 osatuluka, kuchuluka kwa hippuric acid kumatha kuchitika mkati mwa sabata yogwira ntchito, koma kuchuluka kumabwerera ku kuchuluka kwa hippuric acid mu mkodzo wabwinobwino pambuyo pa sabata. Kuchuluka kwa hippuric acid mu mkodzo wabwinobwino kumasiyana kwambiri (0.3–2.5 g) kutengera zakudya zomwe munthu amadya komanso kusiyana kwa munthu payekha. Chifukwa chake, kuyamwa kwa toluene sikungatheke kuganiziridwa mokwanira kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa hippuric acid mu mkodzo, koma kuli kolondola pang'ono mu kafukufuku wamagulu kuti adziwe kuyamwa kwa toluene. Makoswe omwe adalandira mankhwala a phenobarbital adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa toluene m'magazi ndipo adachepetsa nthawi yogona atalandira jakisoni wa toluene, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuyambitsa ma enzymes a chiwindi kungayambitse kagayidwe ka toluene.
Kusamuka ndi Kusintha: Toluene imapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku mafuta osakonzedwa kudzera mu njira za petrochemical. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira mafuta, ma resin, mphira wachilengedwe ndi wopangidwa, phula la malasha, asphalt, ndi cellulose acetate. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chosungunulira mu utoto wa cellulose ndi varnish, komanso mu photolithography ndi inki solvents. Toluene ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zachilengedwe, makamaka pa benzoyl chloride, phenyl compounds, saccharin, trinitrotoluene, ndi utoto wambiri. Ndi gawo la mafuta oyendetsa ndege ndi magalimoto. Toluene ndi yosinthasintha komanso yosagwira ntchito m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa mpweya, imafalikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo imabwereranso nthawi zonse pakati pa mpweya ndi madzi kudzera mumvula ndi nthunzi kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi. Pamapeto pake imatha kuwonongeka kudzera mu okosijeni wa zamoyo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chidule cha kuchuluka kwa toluene mumlengalenga wa m'mizinda padziko lonse lapansi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa 112.5–150 μg/m³, makamaka kuchokera ku mpweya wokhudzana ndi mafuta (utsi wa galimoto, kukonza mafuta) ndi kutayika kwa zosungunulira ndi mpweya wochokera ku ntchito zamafakitale.
Njira Zothandizira Choyamba
Kukhudza Khungu: Chotsani zovala zodetsedwa ndipo tsukani khungu bwino ndi sopo ndi madzi.
Kukhudza maso: Kwezani maso anu ndi kutsuka ndi madzi oyenda kapena madzi amchere. Pitani kuchipatala.
Kupuma mpweya: Pitani mofulumira ku mpweya wabwino. Sungani mpweya wotseguka. Perekani mpweya ngati kupuma kukuvuta. Perekani mpweya wopangidwa ngati kupuma kwatha. Pitani kuchipatala.
Kumeza: Imwani madzi ofunda ambiri kuti muyambe kusanza. Pitani kuchipatala.
Njira Zozimitsira Moto
Makhalidwe Oopsa: Yoyaka; nthunzi yosakanikirana ndi mpweya imatha kupanga zosakaniza zophulika. Kukhudzana ndi malawi otseguka kapena kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kuyaka kapena kuphulika. Imayamwa mwamphamvu ndi ma oxidants. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kumatha kupanga ndikusonkhanitsa magetsi osasinthasintha. Nthunzi ndi yolemera kuposa mpweya ndipo imatha kufalikira mtunda wautali kupita kumadera otsika, komwe ingayake ndikubwerera m'mbuyo.
Zinthu Zoyaka Moopsa: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Njira Zozimitsira Moto: Ziziritsani zidebe ndi madzi opopera. Chotsani zidebe kuchokera pamalo ozimitsira moto kupita pamalo otseguka ngati n'kotheka. Ngati zidebe zomwe zili pamalo ozimitsira moto zasintha mtundu kapena zatulutsa phokoso kuchokera ku zipangizo zochepetsera kuthamanga kwa mpweya, tulukani nthawi yomweyo.
Zinthu Zozimitsira Moto: Thovu, ufa wouma, carbon dioxide, mchenga. Madzi sagwira ntchito pozimitsa moto.
Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi Kotuluka
Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi: Tulutsani ogwira ntchito pamalo otayikira madzi kupita kumalo otetezeka, patulani, ndikulamulira mosamala njira zolowera. Chotsani magwero oyatsira moto. Ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi ayenera kuvala zida zopumira zomwe zimateteza mpweya komanso zovala zodzitetezera. Chepetsani malo otayikira madzi. Pewani kulowa m'zimbudzi, m'ngalande zotulutsira madzi, kapena m'malo ena otsekeka.
Kutaya Kakang'ono: Kuyamwa ndi mpweya woyatsidwa kapena zinthu zina zosagwira ntchito. Kapena, sambani ndi emulsion yopangidwa kuchokera ku chosungunula chosayaka, sungunulani madzi otsukira, ndikutulutsa mu dongosolo la madzi otayira.
Kutaya Kwambiri: Pangani makoma kapena mabowo kuti muteteze kutayikira kwa madzi. Phimbani ndi thovu kuti muchepetse ngozi za nthunzi. Gwiritsani ntchito mapampu osaphulika kuti muwasamutsire ku matanki kapena ziwiya zapadera zosonkhanitsira madzi kuti zibwezeretsedwe kapena kutayidwa m'malo oyeretsera zinyalala.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-24-2026